Establishment of Comprehensive Protection System for Intellectual Property of Single Herbs by Taking Callicarpa nudiflora of Jiuzhitang as An Example / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The development of single Chinese materia medica is an important direction of technological innovation in the field of Chinese materia medica at present， and the study of its comprehensive intellectual property protection system is of great significance to the intellectual property protection of the whole chain of innovative enterprises of single Chinese materia medica. Based on this， this paper takes the comprehensive protection system of intellectual property of Callicarpa nudiflora constructed by Jiuzhitang Pharmaceutical as a model to conduct empirical research， analyzes the protection forms applicable to intellectual property of Chinese materia medica， such as patents， administrative protection， trademarks， designs and intangible cultural heritages， and discusses the valuable and insufficient aspects of the protection system currently constructed by Jiuzhitang Pharmaceutical and puts forward the following suggestions：①paying attention to patent applications for planting/processing methods of raw medicinal materials， ②emphasizing the protection of geographical indications， authentic medicinal herbs， and new plant varieties， ③actively promoting product and technology upgrades， ④applying for data protection during product iteration， ⑤emphasizing the layout timing of patent and administrative protection， ⑥focusing on improving goodwill， ⑦enhancing awareness of intellectual property protection and promoting deep integration of industry， academia， and research. We hope that innovative enterprises engaged in the development of single Chinese materia medica can learn from the experience of the case， and optimize the strategy to better protect related products.

Intersectionality Theory, Challenges for Empirical Research and Contributions to Psychology / Teoria da Interseccionalidade, Desafios para Pesquisas Empíricas e Contribuições para a Psicologia / Teoría de la Interseccionalidad, Desafíos para la Investigación Empírica y Aportes a la Psicología

Abstract The Theory of Intersectionality is an important contribution from feminist epistemologies to the scientific field. This narrative literature review aims to discuss methodological possibilities and challenges in producing and analyzing empirical evidence based on the Theory of Intersectionality, as well as its contributions to Psychology. While this theory is increasingly being cited as the basis for empirical research, articulating its assumptions in knowledge production processes is still a difficulty. Qualitative approaches prevail in the field, but advancements in statistical analysis methods allow for an intersectional interpretation in quantitative studies. Intersectionality contributes to understanding psychological processes and challenging dominant and exclusionary assumptions in the field of Psychology. Embracing this theory requires a commitment to the imperative of social transformation and entails placing claims, values, practices, and power relations at the core of scientific knowledge production, regardless of the field under study.

Resumo A Teoria da Interseccionalidade é uma importante contribuição das epistemologias feministas para o campo científico. Este estudo de revisão narrativa da literatura teve como objetivo discutir possibilidades e desafios metodológicos na produção e análise de evidências empíricas embasadas na Teoria da Interseccionalidade e suas contribuições para a Psicologia. Embora essa teoria esteja crescentemente sendo citada como base de pesquisas empíricas, ainda se identifica a dificuldade de articular seus pressupostos nos processos de produção de conhecimento. As abordagens qualitativas são predominantes no campo e observa-se avanços em métodos de análises estatísticas que permitem uma leitura interseccional em estudos quantitativos. A interseccionalidade contribui para compreender processos psicológicos e desafiar suposições dominantes e excludentes no campo da Psicologia. Adotar essa teoria requer uma implicação com o imperativo de transformação social e implica tornar reivindicações, valores, práticas e relações de poder como cerne da produção de conhecimento científico, independentemente do campo estudado.

Resumen La Interseccionalidad es una importante contribución de las epistemologías feministas al campo científico. Este artículo de revisión narrativa tiene como objetivo discutir las posibilidades y desafíos metodológicos en la producción y análisis de evidencia empírica basada en la Interseccionalidad y sus contribuciones a la Psicología. Aunque esta teoría se cita cada vez más como base de investigaciones empíricas, aún se identifica la dificultad de articular sus supuestos en los procesos de producción de conocimiento. Los enfoques cualitativos predominan en el campo y se observan avances en métodos de análisis estadístico que permiten una lectura interseccional en estudios cuantitativos. La interseccionalidad contribuye a comprender los procesos psicológicos y desafiar suposiciones dominantes y excluyentes en el campo de la Psicología. Adoptar esta teoría requiere una implicación con el imperativo de transformación social e implica poner las demandas, valores, prácticas y relaciones de poder en el centro de la producción de conocimiento científico, independientemente del campo estudiado.

An empirical research on the enrollment quality of master of stomatology professional degree graduate students—Based on the statistical data of the comprehensive evaluation of professional degree graduate students by the guiding physicians / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:Based on the statistical data of the comprehensive evaluation of professional degree graduate students by the guiding physicians, to conduct an empirical study on the quality of the enrollment of master of stomatology professional degree graduate students.Methods:A total of 67 master of stomatology professional degree graduate students from Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University were comprehensively evaluated by their guiding physicians when they went out the department. SPSS 25.0 software was used for t test and variance analysis. Results:The average score of 67 students was (91.39±3.55) points. There was good reliability and validity for the comprehensive evaluation index. Among the methods of promotion and exemption, unified examination, 7-year transfer to "5 + 3" of our school and enrollment of students from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions, the comprehensive evaluation total score of 7-year transfer to "5 + 3" of our school was the highest. The comprehensive evaluation results of the students with high initial scores were slightly higher than those students with low scores. The students who studied in the "Double First-class" universities and were with the fourth round of subject assessment grade A and grade B had better performances.Conclusion:We should attach importance to enrollment quality, through various channels to attract quality students and actively explore ways to improve the quality of graduate students. Meanwhile, we should make efforts to strengthen training quality and to build scientific comprehensive evaluation system for specialized degree graduate students. The connotation of "medicine-education collaboration" will be further deepened. And the training and development of oral medicine applied high-level medical talents will be promoted.

The current status and reflection of higher education research of independent medical universities: taking G University as an example / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Taking G University as an example, through empirical research, this study finds out that the motivation of teachers on medical education research is insufficient; the support and incentive for young and middle-aged teachers to participate in higher education research is insufficient; and universities lack of an efficient higher education research organization system; the social influence of medical research and education is not enough, etc. We call on independent medical universities to further improve the higher education research organization system, change the current situation and increase the support and incentives for young and middle-aged teachers to participate in higher education research, guide teachers to summarize the characteristics of medical education teaching, improve the quality of medical personnel training, and expand the influence of medical education research.

Bioética empírica y mejoramiento humano: una propuesta metodológica

Propósito/Contexto. La presente investigación se enfoca en el debate sobre el transhumanismo/bioconservadurismo desde la Bioética empírica, es decir, haciendo uso de evidencia empírica en el proceso del razonamiento moral. Su objetivo es proponer una guía metodológica para el planteamiento y la resolución de problemas morales concernientes al mejoramiento humano. Metodología/Enfoque. Se propone el método "mejoramiento humano ético paso a paso" (Mhepp), una guía que consta de 11 preguntas que son resultado de la adaptación de las pautas para identificar un procedimiento de mejoramiento humano como ético, desarrolladas por Julián Savulescu sobre el método de "contribuciones empíricas paso a paso", elaborado por Pascal Borry. Se brinda un ejemplo aplicativo sobre la moralidad de los implantes RFID del biohacking. Resultados/Hallazgos. El Mhepp propone que se aborden los procedimientos de mejoramiento humano como problemas específicos y que la norma moral planteada se reescriba como una proposición descriptiva que sirva como hipótesis a ser evaluada a la luz de la evidencia empírica. La evaluación de la proposición y, por lo tanto, del razonamiento moral, se realizará con ayuda de la información recabada por las 11 preguntas. Discusión/Conclusiones/Contribuciones. El Mhepp puede servir para brindar una primera respuesta sobre la moralidad de un procedimiento específico de mejoramiento humano, más no absoluto, pues el resultado puede variar en función de la información que se obtenga en el futuro y también evidencia vacíos en la investigación empírica relacionada al procedimiento que aborda. El método es una primera guía metodológica que podría ser revisada y mejorada.

Purpose/Background. The present research focuses on the debate on transhumanism/bioconservatism from the perspective of empirical bioethics, that is, making use of empirical evidence in the process of moral reasoning. Its objective is to propose a methodological guide for the approach and resolution of moral problems concerning human enhancement. Methodology/Approach. The method Step-wise Ethical Human Enhancemet (SWEH) is proposed. It is a guide consisting of 11 questions that are the result of the adaptation of the guidelines for identifying a human enhancement procedure as ethical developed by Julian Savulescu to the method of Step-wise Empirical Contributions elaborated by Pascal Borry. An applicative example on the morality of biohacking RFID implants is provided. Results/Findings. SWEH proposes that human enhancement procedures might be approached as specific problems and that the identified moral norm might be rewritten as a descriptive proposition that serves as a hypothesis that will be evaluated in the light of empirical evidence. The evaluation of the proposition, and thus of moral reasoning, will be done with the help of the information gathered by the 11 questions. Discussion/Conclusions/Contributions. SWEH can serve to provide a first answer on the morality of a specific human enhancement procedure, but not an absolute one, as the result may vary depending on the information obtained in the future. It also highlights gaps in empirical research related to the procedure it addresses. The method is a first methodological guide that could be revised and improved.

Objetivo/Contexto. Esta pesquisa se concentra no debate sobre o transhumanismo/bioconservadorismo a partir da perspectiva da bioética empírica, ou seja, fazendo uso de evidências empíricas no processo de raciocínio moral. Seu objetivo é propor um guia metodológico para a postagem e resolução de problemas morais relativos à valorização humana. Metodologia/Abordagem. O método Ethical Human Enhancement Step by Step (MHEPP) é proposto, um guia que consiste em 11 questões que são o resultado da adaptação das diretrizes para identificar um procedimento de melhoramento humano como ético desenvolvido por Julian Savulescu ao método de Contribuições Empíricas Passo a Passo elaborado por Pascal Borry. Um exemplo de aplicação é dado sobre a moralidade dos implantes RFID em biohacking. Resultados/Descobertas. O MHEPP propõe que os procedimentos de valorização humana sejam abordados como problemas específicos e que a norma moral colocada seja reescrita como uma proposta descritiva que serve como uma hipótese a ser avaliada à luz de evidências empíricas. A avaliação da proposta, e portanto do raciocínio moral, será realizada com a ajuda das informações coletadas pelas 11 perguntas. Discussão/Conclusões/Contribuições. O MHEPP pode ser usado para fornecer uma primeira resposta sobre a moralidade de um procedimento específico de aperfeiçoamento humano, mas não absoluta, pois o resultado pode variar de acordo com as informações obtidas no futuro. Ela também destaca lacunas na pesquisa empírica relacionada ao procedimento que ela aborda. O método é um primeiro guia metodológico que poderia ser revisado e melhorado.

Construction and empirical study of clue enrichment model of excessive medical behavior based on the rank assignment method / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To construct and verify a model of excessive medical behavior clues enrichment, for the technical support for the safe and rational use of medical insurance fund.Methods:A model of excessive medical behavior clues enrichment was constructed by the rank assignment method. The inpatient transaction records of medical insurance for employees and residents in 5 tumor hospitals in Beijing from 2016 to 2019 were obtained to verify the validity of the model. The patients were grouped according to age and gender, and each transaction record was converted into a standardized score V(0-100 scores), all transactions were divided into 22 groups according to V value. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to analyze the variation trend of enrichment rate with the increase of V value. Chi-square test was used to compare the chargeback rates of different groups. The correlation between the standardized score V and the amount of chargeback was tested by Pearson.Results:There were 872 599 and 86 356 hospitalization transactions for employee and resident medical insurance patients, with included 1 164 and 103 chargeback records respectively. The average score and median of V-value of employee and resident medical insurance transactions were scores of 49 and 50 respectively.When V>0, the enrichment rates of the employee and resident medical insurance were on the rise with the increasing of V( Z=23.86, P<0.001; Z=11.02, P<0.001), the refusal rates among different groups was significant different( χ2=1 307.16, P<0.001)and the correlation between V value and the chargeback amount was statistically significant( r=0.29, P<0.001; r=0.30, P=0.003). Conclusions:This study established a clue enrichment model of excessive medical behavior based on the rank assignment method. By analyzing a large number of medical insurance transaction records, the model can focus on the medical insurance transaction with suspected excessive medical treatment behavior, and has a certain guiding role in the management of medical insurance fund.

Development and empirical research of the perioperative fine management evaluation scale for process control / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To design an evaluation scale of perioperative fine management, and test it in hospitals, for verifying its effectiveness and sorting out problems in such management.Methods:November 2020 to August 2021, the scale framework was designed by using the process management theories featuring process-oriented control; then the scale was built based on a risk measurement indicators pool created based on policies, literature, standards and expert interview results on perioperative management; an empirical study was made in the end.Results:The scale consists of 209 risk measurement indicators and Likert 5-level scoring method was adopted to measure the possibility of problems in each respect. A total of 99 experts from 31 hospitals participated in the trial of the scale in 2021, and Cronbach α coefficient was 0.997, indicating good consistency among risk measurement indicators. The median of the average scoring of respective risk measurement indicators was 1.69. The most common problems in the perioperative management process include: lack of analysis and countermeasure research on the perioperative fine management; insufficient medical staff; poor awareness of medical staff in standardized and fine management. Conclusions:This scale can quantitatively evaluate respective aspects of perioperative fine management.

An empirical study on the evaluation system of hospital scientific research based on principal component analysis / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:To construct a scientific research evaluation model through principal component analysis, and to explore scientific research evaluation methods for hospitals.Methods:The professional title, educational background, positions and scientific research output information of the scientific research personnel in the First Hospital of Jilin University from 2019 to 2020 were collected. Delphi expert consultation was used to determine the assignment value of each variable, and use SPSS 21.0 software was used to build the principal component analysis model and conduct model verification.Results:The study collected a total of 1 882 researchers′ information. The KMO value of the validity test and the Bartlett sphere test meet the requirements of principal component analysis (KMO=0.731, P<0.05); the model obtained a total of 7 principal components. Among them, principal component 1 represents researchers who published SCI papers, applying for national, provincial and ministerial level scientific research projects, and their part-time positions in academic societies. The second principal component represents the status of applying for patents and publications, and the third principal component represents the status of the awards. The scores of scientific research output of researchers were summarized and sorted according to disciplines, according to which the neurology, endocrinology and metabolism, neurosurgery, general surgery and orthopedics ranked better. The model verification results found that researchers with senior professional titles and doctoral degrees had the highest median weighted comprehensive score( P<0.05), suggesting that scholars with higher professional title levels and higher education received higher comprehensive scientific research output scores. Conclusions:The scientific research evaluation model constructed by this study can provide scientific data reference for the hospital scientific research evaluation.

Analysis on the relationship between urbanization and health behavior in China: An empirical research based on China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the relationship between urbanization and residents ' health behaviors in China, and to clarify the impact of urbanization on health behaviors.@*METHODS@#Based on China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we established a panel data fixed effect model tracked in 2011, 2013 and 2015 to analyze the effect of urbanization level on smoking cessation, drinking, sleep quality and physical exercise behavior. The ratio of population density, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and output value of secondary and tertiary industries to GDP were used to represent the levels of urbanization.@*RESULTS@#From 2011 to 2015, China ' s urbanization levels showed an increasing trend, which showed that the ratio of population density, GDP per capita and output value of secondary and tertiary industries in GDP increased year by year. Smoking cessation increased with the increase of GDP per capita and the proportion of the output value of secondary and tertiary industries. Compared with the low-level, the drinking rate in the regions with per capita GDP of more than 45 000 yuan increased by 2.49%, and the drinking rate in the regions with secondary and tertiary industries for 80%-85% decreased by 2.48%. However, there was no significant difference with population density. The sleep quality decreased with the increase of per capita GDP. In regions where per capita GDP was more than 93%, the sleep quality decreased by 3.71% compared with the low-level which was not significantly different from the ratio of population density and the output value of secondary and tertiary industries. For low contrast, the exercise rate in regions with the population density of 400-600 people/km2 and over 800 people/km2 was reduced by 5.2% and 7.7% respectively. The exercise rate in regions with per capita GDP of 25 000-35 000 yuan and over 45 000 yuan was reduced by 3.26% and 3.73% respectively. The exercise rate in regions with secondary and tertiary industries accounting for more than 93% of GDP was 10.68% lower than that of the low-level regions.@*CONCLUSION@#Different dimensions of urbanization have different impacts on different health behaviors. The smoking cessation rate increases with the increase of urbanization level, which is related to the proportion of per capita GDP and the output value of secondary and tertiary industries. The exercise rate, related to the three dimensions, decreases with the increase of urbanization. Sleep quality is more closely related to per capita GDP, and the probability of good sleep quality decreases with the increase of urbanization level. However, there is no obvious trend between drinking rate and urbanization level, which needs further study.

An empirical judicial case study on the authenticity disputes of electronic medical records / 中华医院管理杂志

Based on a research on judicial cases concerning the authenticity of electronic medical records in the past three years, the authors encountered judicial dilemmas in judicial practice. The challenges arise due to the special manifestations of electronic medical records, unclear and disputable criteria for the authenticity of electronic medical records, low application level of electronic medical records identification, and inconsistent responsibility attribution. In order to effectively apply the electronic medical record system, it is recommend to promote pre-litigation prevention by unifying the construction standards of the computerized patient record system, strengthening hospital electronic medical record management and entrusting third-party storage to ensure the evidential weight. In addition, it is necessary to establish standards for authenticity of medical records, improve the electronic medical record forensic identification system and clarify the attribution of the responsibility for untrue medical records, so as to improve the handling of such medical damage cases during litigation.

Fragilidade de idosos ribeirinhos amazônicos: das trajetórias metodológicas aos desafios em saúde pública / Weaknesses of elderly people living near the amazon rivers: from methodological trajectories to challenges in public health

Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever as particularidades teórico-metodológicas e discutir as experiências vivenciadas no processo de pesquisa sobre fragilidade biológica e condições de saúde de idosos ribeirinhos amazônicos. A pesquisa descritiva, de abordagem qualiquantitativa, realizada em 19 ilhas do município de Cametá, Pará, envolveu 108 idosos e permitiu alcançar tanto as proposições diretas sobre os marcadores de fragilidade e de saúde multidimensional, quanto os aspectos subjetivos referentes às particularidades do contexto histórico-cultural. A trajetória percorrida pelos pesquisadores nesse desafio foi marcada, especialmente, por uma arreigada estruturação metodológica, direcionada ao contexto peculiar da pesquisa, desde a inserção ecológica dos pesquisadores, ponto-chave para a concretização do arcabouço metodológico e do período de coleta de dados até a elaboração das propostas norteadoras em saúde pública considerando, sobretudo, as particularidades dos modelos de cuidado vigentes nessas comunidades amazônicas.

Experiences lived during the research on the biological fragility and health conditions of elderly river people on the Amazon are described. Descriptive, qualitative and quantitative research in 19 islands in Cametá, Pará, Brazil, involved 108 elderly people and attained direct propositions on fragility markers, multidimensional health, and the subjective aspects on particulars within the historical and cultural context. Researchers´ trajectory was marked by strict methodology, foregrounded on the peculiar context of research ranging from the ecological insertion of the researchers, a key point for the materialization of the methodological design. It also took into account the period of data retrieval until the elaboration of proposals in public health, with special attention to care models in Amazon communities.

Evaluación de una hipótesis general en investigación empírica utilizando el índice Dm / Testing a general hypothesis in empirical research using Dm-index

El índice Dm tiene aplicaciones en psicometría, específicamente como una medida de validez de constructo de los ítems. En el presente trabajo se expone una aplicación alternativa del índice Dm para la comprobación de hipótesis generales en investigación empírica cuando esta involucra un constructo general y no es posible obtener una puntuación total para realizar dicho contraste. Para ello, es considerada la información de la comprobación de cada hipótesis específica, y sistematizada en Dm. Se ofrecen ejemplos para el caso de correlaciones y comparación de grupos. Entonces, la aplicación de Dm en el contexto de la comprobación de hipótesis generales es promisoria.

The Dm-index have many applications in psychometrics, specifically as a item´s construct validity measure. In this paper, we expose an alternative application of index-Dm to testing general hypothesis in empirical research when it includes a general construct, and isn´t possible to have a global score to make this testing. For this purpose, is considered the information of every specific hypothesis testing, and systematize it on Dm. This work offers examples for the correlation and group comparison procedures, obtaining sounds results. Then, the application of Dm in context of general hypothesis testing is promissory

Teoria crítica e psicologia social: relevância das pesquisas empíricas / Teoría crítica y psicología social: relevancia de las investigaciones empíricas / Critical theory and social psychology: relevance of empirical research

RESUMO O objetivo deste ensaio é indicar limites e avanços obtidos pela psicologia social, tal como é delimitada pela Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, sobretudo por Theodor. W. Adorno, por meio de estudos empíricos desenvolvidos desde a década de 1990, em nosso meio. Para o cumprimento desse objetivo, foi dividido em três partes; na primeira delas, discute-se acerca da disciplina psicologia social, sob a ótica da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade; na segunda parte, dá-se ênfase à importância da pesquisa empírica para a Teoria Crítica; por fim, na última parte, são apresentados alguns resultados das pesquisas acima referidas, indicando confirmação ou não de resultados anteriores, obtidos pelos autores da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, e o aporte empírico que esses dados trazem para essa Teoria.

RESUMEN El propósito de este ensayo es indicar límites y avances de la psicología social, tal como se define por la teoría crítica de la sociedad, especialmente por T. W. Adorno, a través de estudios empíricos realizados desde la década de 1990. Para ello, este trabajo se divide en tres partes: la primera discute la disciplina psicología social desde la perspectiva de la Teoría Crítica; la segunda parte hace hincapié en la importancia de la investigación empírica para esa teoría; finalmente, la última parte presenta algunos resultados de investigaciones anteriores, indicando la confirmación o no de los resultados previos obtenidos por los autores de la teoría crítica de la sociedad, y la contribución empírica que estos datos traen a esta teoría.

ABSTRACT The objective of this essay is to indicate limits and advances obtained by social psychology, as it is delimited by the Critical Theory of Society, especially by T.W. Adorno, through some empirical studies developed since the 1990s in our country. To achieve this goal, the essay was divided in three parts. In the first one, we discuss about the discipline of social psychology, from the Critical Theory of Society viewpoint. In the second part, the importance of the empirical research for the Critical Theory is emphasized. Finally, in the last part, some results of the mentioned above researches are presented, indicating confirmation or not of previous results obtained by the authors of the Critical Theory of the Society and the empirical contribution that these data bring to this Theory.

Observaciones sobre el estatuto epistemológico del Psicoanálisis y de la investigación psicoanalítica / Remarks on the epistemological statute of Psychoanalysis and of psychoanalytic research

Este trabajo fue motivado por un cierto debate ante el uso de la expresión "investigación en psicoanálisis" para designar - casi en exclusividad - a los estudios empíricos extra-clínicos sobre el proceso o los resultados de tratamientos psicoanalíticos. Creo que, en la medida en que esos estudios se realizan desde fuera del encuadre clínico-analítico y en base a categorías que la mayoría de las veces son también no analíticas, deberían llamarse más bien "investigación sobre psicoanálisis". Parece claro que, como en toda disciplina autónoma, la denominación "investigación en psicoanálisis" debería reservarse para las investigaciones que se realizan desde la teoría, el encuadre, la metodología y las categorías propias de la disciplina; es decir, para las investigaciones clínicas o teóricas típicamente psicoanalíticas. Pretendo aquí reivindicar el espesor, la especificidad y la consistencia epistemológica de dicha investigación.

This work was motivated by a certain debate in face of the use of the expression "research in psychoanalysis" to designate - almost exclusively - the extra-clinical empirical studies on the process or results of psychoanalytic treatments. I believe that, to the extent that these studies are carried out from outside the clinical-analytical framework and based on categories that are also often non-analytical, they should be called "research on psychoanalysis". It seems clear that, as in any autonomous discipline, the denomination "research in psychoanalysis" should be reserved for the investigations that are carried out from the theory, the framing, the methodology and the proper categories of the discipline; that is, for clinical or theoretical investigations typically psychoanalytic. I intend here to claim the thickness, the specificity and the epistemological consistency of this investigation.

El estudio del cambio en psicoterapia: desafíos conceptuales y problemas de investigación empírica / The study of change in psychotherapy conceptual challenges and empirical research issues

Introducción: A pesar de su obvio protagonismo, existe un escaso consenso en la forma de comprender y estudiar el cambio en psicoterapia. Objetivos y estructura: el presente trabajo ofrece una síntesis de las principales formas de conceptualizar y analizar el cambio en tratamientos psicoterapéuticos. Se describen tres conjuntos de problemas asociados con la temática, a saber: 1) los debates respecto a qué elementos debe modificar una psicoterapia, 2) los distintos esfuerzos y estrategias para medir el constructo "cambio", y 3) los diferentes criterios metodológicos para establecer si el cambio efectivamente ocurre en una psicoterapia. Se analiza cada eje tanto desde un punto de vista teórico como a la luz de los resultados de la investigación empírica. Discusión: Se presentan conclusiones del trabajo y se discuten las implicancias de la revisión efectuada para la práctica clínica y la investigación en psicoterapia.

Introduction: Although its importance in psychotherapy, there is a scarce consensus about how change must be understand and study. Aims and structure: this paper present a synthesis of the main ways of conceptualizing and analyzing change in psychotherapeutic treatments. We describe three types of challenges in this topic: 1) The debates about what its need to change by the therapy, 2) the strategies used to measure the "change" construct, & 3) the methodological criteria to establish if the change occurs. We analyze each of these axes from a theoretical point of view, and also based on the results of empirical research. Discussion: We present conclusions of the paper and discuss their implications for clinical practice and psychotherapy research.

A Review of Studying on the Five Elements Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Based on Metaphorical Cognition / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Five elements theory is a constructive metaphorical system.Now,from the perspective of metaphor,studying on the five elements theory mainly focuses on the metaphorical cognitive thinking,metaphor cognitive type,metaphor cognitive system and so on,which has obtained certain research results.After systematically combing and analyzing the above contents,this paper points out the existing problems,and puts forward some suggestions on this basis:in the context of metaphorical cognition,we should focus on the study of the five elements theory from the standpoint of TCM,cognitive linguistics,cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience,especially the empirical study of relevant theories.Such as using the behavioral studies,Event-related potential to demonstrate the relationship between the five-tone and five-color,or exploring the new relationship.

Empirical studies in WOP in Brazil: a paradigmatic analysis / Pesquisa empírica em POT no Brasil: uma análise paradigmática / La investigación empírica en POT en Brasil: un análisis paradigmático

This paper presents a paradigmatic analysis of the literature in Work and Organizational Psychology produced in Brazil, based on Burrell and Morgan's model (1979). Five research themes were selected: learning, citizenship, justice, commitment, and socialization. In total, we analysed the paradigmatic orientations of 276 papers published in high-rank peer review Brazilian journals between 2004 and 2014. The functionalist or the interpretive paradigms predominate, but there are also inter-paradigmatic papers, which indicate the epistemological plurality in this field. More established themes show more paradigmatic diversity in comparison to recent themes. Burrell and Morgan's model was applicable to paradigmatic analysis of empirical studies in WOP; nevertheless, findings corroborate criticism of the assumption of exclusivity between paradigms. Future studies could explore trends in paradigmatic orientations in other themes and investigate the implications of this multi-paradigmatic perspective on knowledge production in WOP.

Este artigo apresenta uma análise paradigmática da literatura em Psicologia Organizacional e do Trabalho produzida no Brasil, baseada no modelo de Burrell e Morgan (1979). Cinco temas de pesquisa foram selecionados: aprendizagem, cidadania, justiça, comprometimento e socialização organizacional. Ao todo, foram investigadas as orientações paradigmáticas de 276 artigos publicados em periódicos brasileiros qualificados, entre 2004 e 2014. Observou-se a predominância do paradigma funcionalista ou do interpretativo, e a ocorrência de artigos interparadigmáticos, evidenciando pluralidade epistemológica no campo. Temas mais estabelecidos mostram mais diversidade paradigmática em comparação a temas recentes. O modelo de Burrell e Morgan mostrou-se aplicável a análises paradigmáticas de estudos empíricos em POT. Contudo, os resultados corroboram críticas ao pressuposto da exclusividade entre paradigmas. Estudos futuros poderiam explorar tendências nas orientações paradigmáticas em outros temas e investigar as implicações dessa perspectiva multiparadigmática na produção de conhecimento em POT.

En este artículo se presenta un análisis paradigmático de la literatura en Psicología Organizacional y del Trabajo, producida en Brasil, basada en el modelo de Burrell y Morgan (1979). Se han seleccionado seis temas de investigación, a saber: aprendizaje, ciudadanía, justicia, comprometimiento y socialización. En total, se han investigado las orientaciones paradigmáticas de 276 artículos publicados en revistas brasileñas cualificadas entre 2004 y 2014. Los resultados han demostrado el predominio del paradigma funcionalista o interpretativo, y la ocurrencia de artículos interparadigmáticos, indicando la pluralidad epistemológica en el campo. Temas más establecidos en el área demuestran más diversidad paradigmática en comparación con temas recientes. El modelo de Burrell y Morgan demostró ser aplicable a los análisis paradigmáticos de los estudios empíricos de POT. Sin embargo, los resultados corroboran las críticas a la premisa de la exclusividad entre paradigmas. Estudios futuros podrían explorar tendencias en las orientaciones paradigmáticas en otros temas y, además, investigar las implicaciones de esa perspectiva multiparadigmática en la producción del conocimiento en POT.

Prescription commentson high-risk drugs for elderly outpatientsin our hospital / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the features of high-risk drugs prescriptions for elderly outpatients in our hospital, so as to provide references for establishing the prescription comment method of high-risk drugs used by elderly outpatients and promote the rational drug use. METHODS: The number and amount of money of high-risk drugs prescriptions for elderly outpatients were counted, and the amount of high-risk drugs were sorted, so as to find out the features of high-risk drugs use in elderly outpatients and determine the prescription comment catalogue. According to "The hospital prescription comment management specification (Trial)", and combined with the use of high-risk drugs and physical characteristics of elderly patients, the prescription comment technical manual of high-risk drugs used by elderly outpatients was established, and the key drugs were commented for demonstration purpose. RESULTS: Elderly patientsoccupied a high proportion in our hospital, and the amount of money of single prescription was also high, which indicated that the elderly patients had more complex drug use. Through analysis of high-risk drugs prescriptions, the comment catalogue was established. And through empirical review of the prescriptions of key drugs, it was found that the proportion of unreasonable prescriptions was high, with variousproblems among different prescriptions. CONCLUSION: This study established the prescription comment technical manual of high-risk drugs used by elderly outpatients, which should become an important measure to prevent and reduce drug-induced diseases in elderly patients, and improve the effectiveness and safety of clinical medication.

The research in the changes of design in the history taking exam of Phased Empirical Medical Licensing Examination / 中华医学教育探索杂志

History taking capability is a basic skill of clinician.During the Phased Empirical Research,NMEC redesigned the test station of History taking.On the basis of the same inquiry,we use SP,enlarge the question amount,score value,exam time,and also add the evaluation of comprehensive quality.By the new test,we can measure the history taking skill,communication talent and medical humanity competence of medical students.This paper raises a claim on humanistic quality education of medical students in order to prompt medical education to attach importance to the cultivation of medical humanity competence,to improve the medical humanistic education model,then improve the overall quality of medical students.